Computer Asisted Instruction paper

Preface

First at all, give thanks for God’s love and grace for us. Thanks to God for helping me and give me chance to finish this paper entitled: “Computer-Based Learning” timely. And I would like to say thank you to to Mrs. Qudwatin Nisak M.Isa M.Pd M.Ed as the lecturer that always teaches us and give much knowledge.

This paper is as a requirement in accomplishing the midterm assignment in Instructional Media class at sixth semester of Department of Language in Teacher Training and Education Faculty in University of UIN Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh.

The writer realized this paper is not perfect. But the writer hope it can be useful for us. Critics and suggestion is needed here to make this paper be better.

                                                                                                            Banda Aceh,

                                                                                                           

                                                                                                            Jasminur

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background

The development of technology in this world rapidly is  influential in the world of education. With the development of this technology led to the development of science that has a negative or positive impact. The development of science and technology increasingly encourage renewal efforts in exploiting the results of technology in the learning process. Teachers are required to use the tools that can be provided by the school, and does not cover the possibility that the tools used in accordance with the development and the demands of the times.

Teachers can develop the skills required to make the teaching of media will be used when the media is not yet available. So that the teacher must have sufficient knowledge and comprehension about the medium of teaching. There are several models of learning an interesting model, one of the them computer-based learning model. Basically, computer-based learning is a teaching system that matches the brain that generates meaning by linking academic context with charge technology.

Through a system of computer learning activities done holistically (mastery learning), then teachers could train students continuously until it reaches completeness in learning. The given exercises meant to train students skills in interacting with the subject matter with the use of computers, especially in the implementation of the learning is done. In this exercise, students are conditioned to using computer as often as possible and can strengthen the student's responsiveness towards the subject matter that they received. This is because through computer-based learning, students will quickly be able to gain mastery and skills expected.

   Formulation Of The Problem

1.       What is a computer-based learning?

2.       How does the history of computer-based learning?

3.       How do the characteristics of computer-based learning?

4.       What are the advantages and disadvantages of computer-based learning?

5.       How to teach in elementary schools with the use of computer-based learning?

   The Purpose Of The Writing

1.      To find out what is a computer-based learning,

2.      To find out how the history of computer-based learning,

3.      To find out how the characteristics of computer-based learning,

4.      To know what are the advantages and disadvantages of computer-based learning, as well as

5.      To find out how to teach in elementary schools with the use of computer-based learning.

Chapter II

DISCUSSION

A.  Understanding

Computer-based learning is the learning that is used in the learning process by using computer software (CD learning) in the form of a computer program which describes the charge of learning includes: title, objectives of the learning material and the evaluation of learning. It is in line with what was put forward by Robert Heinich, Molenda and James d. Russesl (1985:226) which States that: "the computer system can delivery instruction by allowing them to interact Conference with the lesson programmed into the system: this is referred to computer based intruction". The computer system can deliver learning individually and directly to students by way of interacting with subjects are added into the computer system, this is what called computer-based learning.

Through computer system learning activities done completely (mastery learning), then teachers can train students continuously until it reaches completeness in learning. The given exercises meant to train students skills in interacting with the subject matter with the use of computers, especially in the implementation of the learning is done. In this exercise, students are conditioned to using computer optimally. Through computer-based learning, students will quickly be able to gain mastery and skill expected,.

At CBL, students interact directly with a computer-based interactive media, while teachers as designers and programmers learning. In addition students will gain knowledge that is ready to use and will be able to instill in students learning habits on a regular basis, disciplined and independent.

Computer-based learning (CBL) is derived from the term Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI), another term that is often used is Computer Based Learning (CBL) or Computer Based Instruction (CBI) namely Computer-based learning (CBL). The term CAI more widely used among the education in the United States, while the term CBI or CBL used among education in Europe. In computer-based learning is a form of presentation of the materials of learning in a small units, so it is easy to understand and is studied by students. The CBL is a form of individual learning, in which students can interact directly with the computer siatem intentionally designed or utilized by the teachers. The control of learning on Computer-based Learning is entirely student center.

B.  History

Computer-based learning, history, starting from the emergence of ideas for creating device applied technology allows one to do the learning process on an individual basis by applying the principles of methodical-didactic. Learning technologies in history we find that the work of the Sydney l. Pressey directed (1960) to create a teaching machine or teaching machine can be noted as a pioneer in the utilization of technology in learning. Teaching machine was originally created by Pressey directed to perform tests against the ability of the learning outcomes achieved. The workings of the machine are:

1.       The materials are arranged in the form of multiple choice questions with four possible answers, with the possibility of one of them is the correct answer.

2.       Testee read test on the screen display problem and choosing an alternative correct answer of a question.

3.       By pressing the correct answer alternatives, when repressed alternative is the correct answer, then the display will appear on the screen of the next question. But when it's wrong, then it will give a response in no way brings up the next question.

Pressey directed looked at that machine this test can be used in teaching and with a bit of a change of destination, the purpose test be objective teaching tool that eventually was used also as a teaching machine.

In 1964, a psychologist from the iconic behaviorisme b. f. Skinner creates learning hard-wired (berprograma) or programmed instruction. The learning system enables programmatic interaction with students and student interaction of students. with teacher directly, but through a program that can be shaped, recordings of radio writing, movies, teaching machine, and so on. The principle used in line with the principle of developing learning, i.e., operant conditioning, is the student learns through a series of stimulus and response, and in response to a stimulus (question) found by students. In this "answer keys" that can be examined after the students respond, so students know whether the response was right or wrong. Programs developed by Skinner was known with Linear Programs. This linear program can be branched (branching). Programmed learning models, both linear programs or branching from this very coloring software development in learning a computer system.

In computer-assisted learning, learners confronted and interact directly with the computer. The interaction between a computer with learners happen individually. Learning with computer-assisted "Computer Assisted Instruction" (CAI) has been developed lately and has proven its usefulness to assist teachers in teaching and helping students in learning. Computer can simultaneously help dozens of students and in the future, is expected to help thousands of students at a time. Criswell (Munir, 2001) defines a CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) as the use of computers in delivering teaching materials by involving learners actively as well as allow feedback. Beside as CAI computer utilization can be CBI (Computer-Based instruction), namely Computer-based learning. In the utilization of the computer as the CBI there are 4 models:

1.  Drill and practice

The type of exercise and practice very much used processed. Exercise programs and practices should be combined/adjusted to the ability level of students and learning needs. A certain difficulty levels demanded workout anyway. The program also provides reinforcement (reinforcement) either visual or auditif, in order that the interest and attention of students continue to be maintained throughout the exercises and practice. If the student's answer is wrong it needs to be assisted in accordance with the order of the lesson.

2.  Tutorial

The tutorial Program , introducing new subject matter to students and then followed up with training and practice. This program generally provides the initial tests and final test with regard to the material presented. This program is also used for enrichment lessons or help students who are not present in particular on lessons. program tutorial is also used as a lesson against reviw delivered earlier to check out pemahan and retention of concepts.

3.  Simulation

Real-life situations are presented to students, compiling the outline of device conditions are interrelated. Then the students make decisions and determine the consequences of the decisions that he made, such as political issues, family etc.

 4.  Computer management instruction

This program provides cross-referencing with other programmes in the framework of the extension of the exercise and the giver of aid and also used as teaching aides run the administrative functions, such as increasing student achievement data, recap of database/e-book library, school administrative activities such as recording payments, receipts etc. Using a computer learning program can be developed on a curriculum or most of the area of kulikuren. For example penerapanya is:

a.  Reading comprehension

b.      The development of a Treasury of the language

c.       The placement of the sign

d.      Writing paragraphs

e.       Orerasi arithmetic

f.       Monetary concepts

g.      Reading a map

h.      Historical data

i.        Graph

 Computer-based learning are individual learning (individual learning), and mastery learning (learning mastery). Computer-based learning implemented in existing computer lab at school.

C.  The characteristics of the

The characteristics of computer-based learning materials are as follows:

a.       Systemic

Computer-based learning materials compiled in systemic and structured. There are 2 types of drafting in this regard: in addition to meet one of the above types of drafting, development of computer-based learning, also consider the preparation of a map of the scientific concepts. Many options that can be used in drawing up the concept map, ranging from easy to difficult concepts up to the public to a special, this depends of the desired needs.

2. Clear and interesting

The explanation of concept are clear and attractive look is a staple in computer-based learning. The use of plain language, not enterpretatif, the use of illustrations are clear and absolute terms also include details in the development of computer-based learning.

3.   Easy to use

Most of the computer-based learning products is very easy to use. With usage instructions and have a clear pattern of logic that makes concrete products CBL is easy to understand.

4.   Easily repaired

                                     

Computer-based learning products is also easily repaired. Addition, subtraction, and revision of the content of the product is very easy to do. Different case with printed materials, after experiencing a process of pencetakkan cannot print learning materials revised directly, but rather should do the printing. With the rapid development of technology, the features that are present in the facility program is also growing.

5.   Easily disseminated

Computer-based learning materials is very easy to be distributed, one of which is the spread of the use of internet media.

  

4.   The advantages and disadvantages

Computer-based learning has its advantages and drawbacks, the below will explain the advantages and disadvantages of the computer-based learning.

Computer-based learning has a number of advantages, Wena (2011:204) mention there are 11 excess nor profit to be obtained with computer-based learning, namely:

1)      Gives the opportunity to students to solve problems individually.

2)      Provides an interesting presentation with animations.

3)      The learning content provides a selection of the many and varied.

4)      Capable of arousing students ' motivation in learning.

5)      Stimulate students learning with gusto, the material presented is easily understood by students.

6)      Students get experience that is concrete, retention of students increased.

7)      Give feedback directly.

8)      Students can determine their own rate of learning.

9)      Students can conduct a self-evaluation.

In addition, computer-based learning, it also has some disadvantages. Wena (2011:205) suggested some of the weaknesses of computer-based learning, namely:

a.       The high cost of procuring and developing computer programs, especially those designed specifically for the purpose of learning.

  

b.      Beside this, procurement, maintenance, and care computers include hardware (hardware) and the software (software) requires high cost. Therefore the consideration of costs and benefits (cost benefit analysis) needs to be done before deciding to use computers for educational purposes.

c.       Another problem is compatability and incompability between hardware and software. The use of a computer program usually requires hardware with the appropriate specifications. A computer software often cannot be used on computers that its specifications are not the same.

d.      Designing and producing computer-based learning programs (computer-based instruction) is no easy job. Producing computer program is intensive activity that requires a lot of time and also special skills.

A.  Conclusion

The use of computer-based learning, are believed to be able to improve the results and learning motivation of students. Improvement of learning outcomes and learning motivation of students directly is lternati the effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation of the study. Therefore, the development of computer-based learning in learning is a very important thing that must be done by the teacher. Computer-based learning, it is very important for teachers because more teachers will act as facilitator for students, giving lternative variation method of learning, helping develop the learning media, because not all teachers have the creativity and time to do it, give guidelines for further development, and minimize the level of misunderstanding the concept/theory that is often experienced by students so that learning effectiveness and efficiency can be achieved optimally.

So, we can use CAI for any subject, such as writing. On writing subject we can ask students to write some paragraph. First, teacher will give explanation how to write paragraph by using  slide show or power point with some animation  or image on the slide show. Also by using projector digital , so that students more interest on studying. After explanation teacher will provide some question then students should write something on paragraph through computer. Students respon will be analyze by computer and teacher will check it and teacher will correct students respons then send to students. This is called tutorial model.

B.  Advice

The use of computer-based learning, this should be done with guidance from educators as well. So that learners are able to understand any given study. Interactive media is one of the media that can help the understanding of learners. Through interactive media, learners are able to learn independently and fun, because learning is packed in an interesting. Therefore, to assist in an understanding of learners, teachers can use the computer-based learning on learners.

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